各位新年好！俺也来凑个热闹。。。
首先想说一下，楼主朴兄转贴的自揭伤疤的文章，如果在5年前、或者10年前，是绝对不可能想象出自于新华社。这种曝光事实真相、直面社会问题的文章能在大陆官方媒体刊登，本生就说明了中国的今天在进步，中国的新闻自由在开放，中国的民主改革在发展！
中国目前是人均收入100多位的发展中国家，还不具备与世界头号强国美国比较的条件和资本（其实世界上没有几个国家可以与美国作全面比较）。如果需要比较，应该用发展的眼光。
从下面转贴的文章估计，中国目前按人口比例的煤矿事故死亡比例，大概相当于美国1950年前的状况。美国也是在1950年后，死亡人数才逐年下降，直到现在的十几、二十几人。中国去年的煤矿事故已经引起了中央政府和民众的高度重视，相信通过不懈努力，煤矿事故高死亡率的状况会得到有效控制。
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Thursday, January 5th, 2006 12:07 pm
美国矿工每年死伤统计表
美国矿工每年死亡、受伤人数统计(数据来源：美国劳工部，矿业安全和健康管理局 )
Injury Trends in Mining
Since the earliest days of mining, the job of digging coal and other useful materials out of the earth has been
considered one of
the world’s most dangerous occupations. Public concern about the toll of deaths, injuries and destruction in
mine accidents has
prompted passage of much-needed safety legislation and intensified the search for safer methods and
improved training practices
and technology. Growing cooperation among industry, labor and government also has contributed to making
mining safer and
more healthful, especially in recent years.
As a result of these initiatives, mining deaths and injuries have significantly declined in this century, although
even the current
relatively low injury numbers and frequency rates are still unacceptable to safety professionals in the
American mining community
and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
The Tragic Early Toll
From 1880 to 1910, mine explosions and other accidents claimed thousands of victims. The deadliest year
in U.S. coal mining
history was 1907, when 3,242 deaths occurred. That year, America’s worst mine explosion ever killed 358
people near
Monongah, WV.
While metal and nonmetal (non-coal) mining was less deadly than coal mining, available records for the era
show that it, too,
was highly hazardous. Fires, explosions and cave-ins caused many deaths and injuries. One of the deadliest
non-coal mining
accidents involved a mine fire in Montana that killed 163 men in 1917.
With each passing decade, the annual number of mining deaths and the even more significant rates of injuries
(measuring
numbers of injuries against hours worked) have declined.
Decades of Difficult but Impressive Progress
Total deaths in all types of U.S. mining, which had averaged 1,500 or more during earlier decades,
decreased on average during
the 1990’s, to under 100 and reached a record low of 80 in 1998. There were 87 mining fatalities in 1999.
The average annual
injuries to miners have also decreased steadily.
Where annual coal mining deaths had numbered more than 1,000 a year in the early part of the 20th century,
they decreased to
an average of about 451 annual fatalities in the 1950s, and to 141 in the 1970s. The yearly average in coal
mining decreased to
45 fatalities during the 1990’s.
Less dramatic yet still impressive have been the safety gains in metal and nonmetal mining. There were an
average of 233 deaths
yearly in the 1930s, compared to 51 fatalities annually in the 1990-99 period.
Significant reductions in rates of mining deaths also have been achieved over the years.
For example, the rate of coal mining deaths decreased from about .20 fatalities per 200,000 hours worked
by miners (or one
death per million production hours) in 1970 to about .07 fatalities in 1977 and an average of .03 fatalities for
the 1995-99
period.
The metal and nonmetal mining death rate per 200,000 employee hours averaged .02 for the 1995-99
period, compared to
average yearly rates about seven times higher in the 1930s and three times as high in the 1950s.
The year 1998 was the safest year in modern mining history, with a total of 80 coal and metal and nonmetal
mining fatalities.
There was an all-time low 29 coal mining fatalities in 1998, compared to the previous all-time coal industry
low of 30 in 1997.
There were 34 fatalities in 1999 - the third lowest total recorded. During a period in 1992, from May 27 to
July 14, the coal
mining industry did not experience any fatal accidents while producing many million tons of coal–a period of
rare length in mining
history.
The all-time low for metal and nonmetal mining fatalities was 40 in 1994, compared to 43 in 1992, the
second safest year in
non-coal mining. There were 53 metal and nonmetal mining fatalities in 1999.
Entire Mining Community Involved in Safety Gains
A combination of factors has been responsible for the dramatic safety gains in the U.S. mining industry since
the turn of the
century. The major elements of these accomplishments have been the following:
Congressional creation in 1910 of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, whose primary roles were to investigate
accidents, advise
industry, conduct production and safety research and teach courses in accident prevention, first aid and
mine rescue;
Federal and state laws to better advise and regulate the mining industry, to extend coverage to all types
of miners, to
require or encourage use of successful safety procedures and technology, to provide effective miner
training, and to focus
on reducing or eliminating the most serious hazards. The most far-reaching laws were the Federal Coal
Mine Health and
Safety Act of 1969 and the more comprehensive Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977;
Creation in 1973 of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration in the Interior Department, which
assumed safety
and health enforcement responsibilities from the Bureau of Mines. And four years later, following passage
of the 1977
Act, creation of the present Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), which was moved to the
Labor
Department.
Introduction of vastly safer and more productive mining machines and systems, ever-safer mining
methods, a growing
awareness of the importance of effective accident prevention programs among both management and
miners, and a more
cooperative attitude toward safety issues by the mining industry, labor and government.
Fatalities and Injuries for All Mining
(Coal & Noncoal)
Year………………..Average Annual Deaths …………..Average Annual Injuries
1936-1940 ……………………1,546 ……………………….81,342
1941-1945 ……………………1,592 ……………………….82,825
1946-1950 ……………………1,054 ……………………….63,367
1951-1955 ………………………690 ……………………….38,510
1956-1960……………………….550 ……………………….28,805
1961-1965 ………………………449 ……………………….23,204
1966-1970 ………………………426 ……………………….22,435
1971-1975……………………….322 ……………………….33,963
1976-1980 ………………………254 ……………………….41,220
1981-1985 ………………………174 ……………………….24,290
1986-1990……………………….122 ……………………….27,524
1991-1999 ……………………….93 ………………………..21,351
2000年以后，每年的死亡人数比较表
年……其他矿…..煤矿
2002….42………27
2003….26………30
2004….27………28
2005….35………22
2006….0……….12
http://www.msha.gov/stats/daily/d2006bar.pdf
数据来源：美国劳工部，矿业安全和健康管理局
http://www.msha.gov/ |
楼主: 朴成兴
狗仔卡
发表于 2006-1-6 00:10:34
显身卡
不过，好像那是中央的喉舌也，也能用来放屁？